Judul : Diabetes Melitus (DM) pada Hewan
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Diabetes Melitus (DM) pada Hewan
first door
Holvan group
Holvan group
Diabetes Penduang salaah satu utarad carbohydrate metabolism yang oleh teradainan kerakakan pada sel-sel pulau Langerhans in the pancreas so that the hormone insulin disekresikan u jumla yang staikt, atau nidak sama sekali, 1994.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) specific sebagai suatu penyakat atau nirudu metabolism kronis dengan of multiple etiology yang marquicad dingan tingjinia kadar jola dara is accompanied by dengan nirudu metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and sepagai akepsisi funisovisi insufisi.
Insufisien fungsi insulin dapat oleh nerudha atau defisiensi produksi insulin oleh sel-sel beta Langerhans kelenar of the pancreas, or oleh oleh responsifnya sel-sel Tubuh tadap insulin.
With a lack of insulin production, insulin resistance occurs, the amount of glucose in the blood is low (normal). Insulin adalah suatu zat yang eradaan ole pancreatic beta cells. Insulin is needed to get glucose into the cell where gula is being used.
If there is no insulin, if there is not enough insulin, or if insulin is defective, glucose cannot enter the cell and the blood will not enter the body.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) specific sebagai suatu penyakat atau nirudu metabolism kronis dengan of multiple etiology yang marquicad dingan tingjinia kadar jola dara is accompanied by dengan nirudu metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and sepagai akepsisi funisovisi insufisi.
Insufisien fungsi insulin dapat oleh nerudha atau defisiensi produksi insulin oleh sel-sel beta Langerhans kelenar of the pancreas, or oleh oleh responsifnya sel-sel Tubuh tadap insulin.
With a lack of insulin production, insulin resistance occurs, the amount of glucose in the blood is low (normal). Insulin adalah suatu zat yang eradaan ole pancreatic beta cells. Insulin is needed to get glucose into the cell where gula is being used.
If there is no insulin, if there is not enough insulin, or if insulin is defective, glucose cannot enter the cell and the blood will not enter the body.
Beniasette Diabetes mellitus, treatment of type 1 diabetes. In addition to heredity, another factor is needed, called a trigger, for example, the presence of a certain viral infection, unhealthy diet, stress, medication that can increase blood sugar levels, etc.
Diabetes mellitus also results from decreased sensitivity of the insulin receptor hormone, the target of pada cells (Bermann, 1985). Melito often causes complications in various organs if not properly treated. It is associated with high blood sugar levels over a long period of time, which leads to the destruction of blood vessels, nerves, and other internal structures (Clark and Ferry, 1999).
Diabetes mellitus also results from decreased sensitivity of the insulin receptor hormone, the target of pada cells (Bermann, 1985). Melito often causes complications in various organs if not properly treated. It is associated with high blood sugar levels over a long period of time, which leads to the destruction of blood vessels, nerves, and other internal structures (Clark and Ferry, 1999).
second door
cause diabetes
I type 1 diabetes
Type 1 DM develops a genetic and environmental factor sebagai akibat dari and an immune factor that destroys pancreatic cells. Type DM ini sangat dengan insulin therapy karena jika tydak mantatan insulin, penderi akan tempeninga complikasi serius purapa ketoacidosis in coma.
The main function of the hormone insulin is to lower blood sugar levels in the following ways:
a. Increase the amount of sugar stay in my heart
B. Merangsang Cellular Tube absorbs Throat Agar.
in. Mencegah Hatti tereku banyak gula version.
Disinilah fungsi Scientific "proven" hormone insulin sebagai tadap kadar glucosa dalam darah. If there is a problem with the secretion (production) of the hormone insulin or if there is a problem with the hormone insulin, then there is a problem with diabetes sangat besar sekali.
a. genetic factor
Based on available research, several genes have been identified that can give rise to type 1 diabetes. The most influential gene is the HLA locus on chromosome 6p21, approximately 50% of patients with type 1 diabetes have the HLA-DR3 or HLA haplotype . -DR4.
Some non-HLA genes can also cause insulin dependence in type 1 DM. Variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in the promoter region. The dari CTLA4 and PTPN22 mengangu polymorphisms acted as an active inhibitor of the sebagai response to the dapat T cell, a type 1 DM pad auto-triggering process .
Some non-HLA genes can also cause insulin dependence in type 1 DM. Variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in the promoter region. The dari CTLA4 and PTPN22 mengangu polymorphisms acted as an active inhibitor of the sebagai response to the dapat T cell, a type 1 DM pad auto-triggering process .
B. autoimmune factor
By Antara sekian banyak jenis sat pancreas, hanya sat β yang dushamust oleh sistem imun. However, an islet cell type was found in the isolated α cell. Yang produces glucagon, the δ cell Yang produces somatostatin, Dan Sel PP Yang produces a pancreatic polypeptide that still works.
Terlebih lagi, Secara cellular island embryology lays tersebut mirip dengan sel β dan juga mengekspresikan yang sebagian besar protein equal to dengan sel β. Sel β peka tepadan efek toksik dari nepali cytokine seperti tumor necrosis factor α (TNF α), interferon γ and interleukin-1 (IL-1). The mechanism of the process of β-cell death is not yet known, but this process is influenced by the nitric oxide (NO) metabolite of pebentuccan, apoptosis, and cytotoxicity of CD8+ T-lymphocytes .
Terlebih lagi, Secara cellular island embryology lays tersebut mirip dengan sel β dan juga mengekspresikan yang sebagian besar protein equal to dengan sel β. Sel β peka tepadan efek toksik dari nepali cytokine seperti tumor necrosis factor α (TNF α), interferon γ and interleukin-1 (IL-1). The mechanism of the process of β-cell death is not yet known, but this process is influenced by the nitric oxide (NO) metabolite of pebentuccan, apoptosis, and cytotoxicity of CD8+ T-lymphocytes .
Dasar dari anomalieitas imun pada DM type 1 adalah safadadari dari self-tolerance cell T.
Hal - hal tersebut mel T autoreaktif sarakan dan siap untuk berespon tepadang autoantigens. Activase Awal Dari Cell Truspot Tadaripada Bada Nodus Lymphi Peripankrich Sibagai Response Dabatang Antigen Yang Yield Dari Cell Pulau Langerhans Yang Rasak. T cells yang teraktivasi gembüğu ke pancreas → damage to β cells. Update so you can use TH1 (including IFN-γ and TNF) and CD8 + CTL cells .
Hal - hal tersebut mel T autoreaktif sarakan dan siap untuk berespon tepadang autoantigens. Activase Awal Dari Cell Truspot Tadaripada Bada Nodus Lymphi Peripankrich Sibagai Response Dabatang Antigen Yang Yield Dari Cell Pulau Langerhans Yang Rasak. T cells yang teraktivasi gembüğu ke pancreas → damage to β cells. Update so you can use TH1 (including IFN-γ and TNF) and CD8 + CTL cells .
The pancreatic islet is an autoimmune target that contains anti- islet cell antibodies (ICA) that contain specific antibodies to pancreatic islets, insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), ICA-512/IA-2 (tyrosine homologue). -phosphatase ) and the vagina (a protein granule used for insulin). Antigenic marker Sehatan tersebut Penduang dari proess Autoimmune type 1 diabetes .
FROM. Ecologist
Several prominent factors associated with DM, Namun Tidak Satopun Berahan Belugawat Pinar-Pinar Indahlu. The causative agent that causes the light DM virus is Antara-line ( Coxsackie B, mumps, cytomegalovirus and rubella ) . There are 3 hypotheses explaining how the virus can cause type 1 diabetes:
one. As a result of viral infection → autoreactive T cells → Langerhans Pulau → release of β-cell antigen and activation of autoreactive T cells
2. The virus produces a protein similar to the beta cell antigen to trigger an immune response that also acts on the pancreatic beta cell.
3. Previous viral infection established in pancreatic tissue and then reinfected with the same virus with the same antigenic epitope → induces an immune response in islets of Langerhans cells
Dari Ketiga hipotesi tersebut belum ada yang dapat yang dapat sekara nutrition pathogenesis viral infection tepadang timbunnya DM type 1. Vaksinasi pada anak tidak ada reluksannya dengan timbunnya DM type 1. 2 Fakitor lain lainnary .
II. type 2 diabetes
Insulin resistance and secretion are usually normal, but may not be type 2 diabetes. Obesity, central otalamanya, silver pantavan pada menderi DM type 2.
Insulin Ketika resistance and hyperinsulinemia terus terisu and pancreas tidak mampu kepatanan hyperinsulinemia tersebut. As a result, there is a violation of glucose tolerance, characterized by an increase in blood glucose levels.
In addition, reduced insulin secretion and increased glucose production in the heart lead to diabetes associated with hyperglycemia during pancreatitis and beta cell deficiency .
Insulin Ketika resistance and hyperinsulinemia terus terisu and pancreas tidak mampu kepatanan hyperinsulinemia tersebut. As a result, there is a violation of glucose tolerance, characterized by an increase in blood glucose levels.
In addition, reduced insulin secretion and increased glucose production in the heart lead to diabetes associated with hyperglycemia during pancreatitis and beta cell deficiency .
Based on recent studies, it has been reported that the development of type 2 diabetes is influenced by a genetic factor, transcription factor 7-like-2 (TCF7L2) under chromosome 10q, which is a transcription factor in the WNT signaling pathway. Unlike type I DM, this disease is not associated with genes that regulate tolerance and immune regulation, such as HLA, CTLA4, etc.
There are 4 characteristics of type 2 diabetes peñabe, insulin resistance, insulin secretion , dan menin gkatna produce glucose hati and lemak yang abnormal metabolism .
a. insulin resistance
Insulin resistance is resistance to effective insulin absorption , metabolism, and increased glucose levels. Hal tersebut dapat tadarikan akibat Genetic defect and obesity . Menurunnya peresabanana insulin and function dengan excifik pada cerican peripheral merupakan exemphasan type 2 DM.
The mechanism of resistance to insulin resistance to insulin or to insulin, a non-radiating pascarceptor. A polymorphism in IRS-1 is associated with glucose intolerance and increases the possibility of polymorphisms of several post-receptor molecules co-occurring with insulin resistance. Insulin resistance increases the transport of PI-3-kinase through the glucose transporter (GLUT) 4 to the plasma membrane .
There are 3 things that play a role in insulin resistance and are associated with obesity :
The mechanism of resistance to insulin resistance to insulin or to insulin, a non-radiating pascarceptor. A polymorphism in IRS-1 is associated with glucose intolerance and increases the possibility of polymorphisms of several post-receptor molecules co-occurring with insulin resistance. Insulin resistance increases the transport of PI-3-kinase through the glucose transporter (GLUT) 4 to the plasma membrane .
There are 3 things that play a role in insulin resistance and are associated with obesity :
- Asam lemak bebas ( free fatty acids /FFA). Increased metabolism of intracellular triglycerides.
- adipokine. Insulin resistant insulin contains leptin and adiponectin.
- PPARg (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ) and TZD ( thiazolidinediones ). The intracellular merupakan yang receptor PPARγ increases insulin sensitivity. Antioxidant TZD merupakan (antidiabetic agent) yang mampu berikatan die PPAR g sehat menkankar insulin resistant.
Image B-2. Obesity with insulin resistance Hubungan
Berikut ini Penduang Table Berisi Hal - Hal Yang Dapat Menakan Respon Tepadang Insulin :
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B. JangGuan The Secret of Insulin
image Progress Timbulnia DM
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